John Calvin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Calvin - Research Paper Example This paper briefly analyses the life of John Calvin and his contributions to global culture. â€Å"John Calvin was born in 1509. He died in 1564. John Calvin was the son of a lawyer. He was born in Noyon, Picardy and was therefore a Frenchman† (John Calvin, n. d). John Calvin was very much interested in religious studies and initially he studied theology; however later went for law studies because of the pressure from his father. The death of his father in 1531, gave freedom to Calvin and he started to learn more about humanities and religion. â€Å"Calvin was highly critical of the abuses in the French Catholic church but he never doubted that he was God’s chosen instrument in the spiritual regeneration of the world† (John Calvin, n. d). During the period of Calvin, devotional songs with the help of musical instruments had an important role in worshipping in Roman Catholic Churches. Calvin criticized such customs and argued that such devotional songs actually di stract the concentration of the people from real worshipping. He has pointed out that Bible consists of excellent songs in psalms which should be used during worshipping in churches instead of the songs accompanied by musical instruments. â€Å"He placed great importance on the sermon. ... ed that the New Testament and baptism and the Eucharist had been created to provide Man with continual divine guidance when seeking faith (John Calvin, n. d). Roman Catholic Church teaches the people that a person can get salvation through Mass and pilgrimages. Moreover, Roman Catholics believed or still believe that saints can help people immensely for getting salvation. In most of the Roman Catholic churches, saints are getting almost similar recognition as Jesus Christ is getting. Calvin ridiculed these beliefs and customs and pointed out that such beliefs are against the teachings of God or Bible. He has declared that according to the teachings of Bible, a person can attain salvation only through the belief in Jesus Christ. No other short cuts may help a person in getting salvation. Calvinism was a belief that was dependent on the strength of the individual. You controlled your own goodness on Earth and this depended on the strength of your inner conviction. This was a personal b elief not dependent on the whims of an individual pope or relics, indulgences etc. You may have been a reprobate in the eyes of God but you would not know this and so a person would lead a life for God to fully know him (John Calvin, n. d). Roman Catholics gave more emphasize to rituals and customs in their worshipping whereas Calvinism gave more emphasize to the strength and actions of the individual. Calvinism pointed out that ultimately the activities of an individual decides whether he may get heaven or hell. No custom or tradition alone can save a person if he commits sins and take shelter in customs or traditions for getting salvation. According to John Calvin, the most important thing in getting salvation is the belief in Jesus Christ and strict observance of the life principles

Human Resources Administration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Resources Administration - Assignment Example The third step is in the wake of understanding that more efforts would be needed to move things from one place to another if unions are formed, and hence it would be a good idea to do away with the same, right from the outset of such understandings. The fourth step is in making the employees comprehend that if they avoid unions, they will reap the rewards themselves because more work will be done in a lesser amount of time, and hence their benefits would be ensured easily. The fifth and last step is in the form of gaining an idea that unions leave a very negative perspective of the company and no employee would like to be seen as a hindrance within the smooth working tenets of an organization. Hence forming unions needs to be avoided at all costs. The reason for choosing these five points is because they give an overall view of how the unions need to be avoided at all costs. It also makes one realize where the negativity creeps in and what needs to be done to make sure that the employees remain steadfast with their respective domains. The cost, time and effort factors are pertinent for any business and should always be thought out of as such. If these aspects are not properly covered, then unions will come in and hence the focus of the organization would shift as a result of the same. Employees would ask for more favors from the organizational tenets and there would be more instances of collective demonstrations and upheaval for all the wrong reasons (Ferris, 2012). From an organizational standpoint, this cannot be tolerated at all because these document how improper the standards of the individuals working within the organizations are at the end of the day. It also dictates the anomaly that comes about for an organization be cause it has to see which employees are loyal to the core, and which ones are creating problems for its business operations,

World War I Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World War I - Research Paper Example One must understand that there were a number of different reasons as to why the World War I broke out in the first place. The formation of the Central and the Allied alliances had a very essential role in lengthening the time period of the war which actually made this war into a very destructive one from a number of different aspects (Higham 2003). Within the Western and the Eastern fronts of Europe, there were clear cut signs of formation of armies and this played a huge role in erupting the war from the aegis if the sea. Essentially the war kicked off from these quarters. The role of the United States was immensely significant in starting the World War I. Similarly it played its decisive role at prolonging the war to great extents as well. There were a number of victories and losses within the World War I. However what is most important is the need to understand that the whole war was a huge loss to the society and the peoples of the different nations (Murphy 1979). Their lives were ended, properties decimates and so on and so forth. The humanity got a real shock from the domains of the leadership regimes working within the countries, who were actively or inactively involved within the war itself. So many of the children lost their parents, a number of them even lost their lives. Women lost their husbands and brothers to thi s war and hence the blow to the whole structure of the family was something that could easily be suggested as a major negative within the crux of the situation that took place during the length of the World War I (Walker 2001). The ending was also on a negative note, much like the whole period of the war. The victors might just have won the war but they were unable to win anything else apart from that. Killing innocent people is never considered a victory for any army or a nation so to speak. The interesting thing about World War I was that there were a number of different wars within the World War I

The End of Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The End of Cold War - Essay Example Many views simply refer Cold war as the ‘war of words’ between various nations and states. From the third world across the countries of Eastern Europe and in reference to the once divided German to the American Midwest the cold war made its presence felt after it inserted itself into the economies of the two protagonists, and shaped political choices of people, as well as, determined the outcomes of the elections. Moreover, it sets parameters on human rights and helps in the promotion of democracy in some countries and authoritarian in others. One side of the scholars argue that ideologies that are conflicting were of no relevance and both sides were in a position to use rhetoric concepts to conceal their real interests and intentions. This was basically placed on the analysis that was last done with regard to the neorealist theory of Kenneth Waltz’s. However, Waltz does not discuss much about the ideology but relies heavily on the two structural features of inter national politics to expound on the interaction between states in general and the super power in particular.2 In fact, Waltz speaks more of unequal distribution of capabilities with the inclusion of anarchic nature of the international system. According to him, there is the presence of frequent patterns of foreign policy behaviour that flows naturally from the two features although other variants of realism offer related but in difference kind of predictions. Additionally, realist who belong to neoclassical ideology argue that great power behaviour cannot be properly understood without taking into account one or two domestic level factors which include perception of threats that are external or relative power. Never the less, they agree with Waltz that the lawless scenery of the global scheme and the unequal distribution of capabilities which were constrained determined the US and soviet foreign policy decisions.3 Contrary to this, several scholars including John Gaddis argue that c onflict took place due to the incompatible ideologies which ended up after the soviet ideology lost its hostile and antagonistic edge. The scholars further refuted claims that in the absence of clashing ideologies, structural conditions would be enough to spark a fierce rivalry between the US and Soviet Union. Scholar like Richard Rosecrance and Arthur Stein argues that any assessments that focused on narrow constituents of realism which include material power was capable of changing in distribution and the threat prevailing externally were radically incomplete, a situation that did not account for what he US and the Soviet Union did way beyond the year 1947.4 Arguing in the same light was John Mueller who contended that the Marxist ideology shaped Soviet foreign policy and that the liberal democratic values were intrinsic to the goals of US. The perspective implied that ideological considerations overdid the two superpower concerns about the balance of power. Criticism is said to h ave risen in regard to the neo-realism theory which was not in a position to predict the end of the cold war. Additionally, the theory was not able to explain how the war would end up either peaceful or none peacefully. Hence it was regarded as a major fail as it was one of the theories that claimed to be in a position to predict on several war and conflict issues. The binary opposition has limits especially when there is an attempt to understand the complexity of history. With the trials of understanding what the policymakers have done, it is necessary to understand that motives are seldom clear cut. The most hidden documents do not reveal reasons as to why US and Soviet acted during this period. Moreover, it is difficult to

Catherines Monologue Essay Example for Free

Catherines Monologue Essay A few minutes earlier, when I was dancing with Rodolpho to Paper Doll, I started thinking. I started thinking how much my life had changed these past few months, and how much I have changed. My life has changed in that I have two new people in it, one of which I think I love. I have a job and I now feel more independent. Its a good feeling. Well thats setting the scene for you, I guess its time to let it all out. Eddie has been like a surrogate father to me. Ive always felt comfortable around him; Ive been able to talk to himbut lately, all that security has just dissolved. Its almost the opposite. We cant have a normal conversation without fighting. I mean for example, a few days ago I came home with Rodolpho from a movie at the paramount. I started telling him about movie, I was so excited. But all he did was start-shooting questions as me, Whered you go? Brooklyn Paramount? Of course I went to Brooklyn Paramount! Where else would I go? He knows that I wouldnt go to New York! Then he tells Rodolpho he wants to talk to me alone. He starts telling me how he never sees me anymore, his face looked so sad. I started to reassure him, that of course he still saw me, it was just Rodolpho wanted to do so much, see so many things, so I take him. Suddenly he asked me, Do you like him? I answered, Yes, and it all went down hill from there. He started saying horrible things like, Rodolpho was only interested in my to gain citizenship and how he was only using me and had no respect for me. That wasnt Eddie speaking. I had never known Eddie to be like that ever. Sure, he had always been slightly over-protective, but never like this before. After the incident B came and talked to me. She told me how I had to grow up. Be my own person; make him understand that I wasnt a little girl anymore. She pointed out things to me that I had never noticed before, like how I used to walk around in front of him in my slip or sit on the edge of the bathtub and talk to him while he was shaving in his underwear. I never even thought about that before. But B, she notices these things sharp. I dont know, she just seemed really eager for me to get out of the house, get married, leave. She even asked me if I thought she was jealous of me! When she said that, I had never thought about it before. But since she has said that, Ive started to think about it more and more. Could B be jealous? Of me? Its absurd! B, who is so kind, and sweet and who I love so much like a mother, be jealous of me? It just doesnt fit. I dont know why I even thought of it. I guess Im just thinkin crazy these days. And last of all, Rodolpho. I think I love him, actually I am quite sure now, I do love him. Should I marry him? What other option do I have? Like B said, I cant just stay here all my life. But the thing is, Im scared. Im scared of Eddie. I didnt think I would ever say that, but its the truth. When I say Eddie and Rodolpho boxing, and the look on Eddies face, I knew somethin wasnt right. Beatrice didnt get it, I think Marco did. Maybe hes just doing it to protect me? He protects me because he loves me; that makes sense. But sometimes I think Eddie loves me too much, and thats what scares me.

Managing stress caused by Diabetes Mellitus

Managing stress caused by Diabetes Mellitus When being diagnosed with a chronic disease, it is not like catching the flu or breaking a bone, where one knows that sooner or later he/she will be feeling better. A person having a chronic disease is not sure of when he/she might feel better, as a matter of fact the disease may never go away, and actually it could get worse. These patients, most of the time feels tired and in pain however, it might affect the persons physical appearance and competence. At certain stages, a chronic disease might prevent the person from working thus, causing financial problems and stress. A sense of angriness is also common, while asking oneself, why this happened to me? On the other hand, the family and friends of the patients diagnosed with a chronic disease are also affected, especially due to on-going changes in their health status. The level of stress could easily increase therefore, becoming a prolonged subject thus, leading to frustration, anger, hopelessness, and in certain circumstances it c ould lead to depression and suicidal thoughts. Diabetes Mellitus, usually known as diabetes, is a long term condition where there is a large amount of sugar in the persons blood system and the body is incapable to use it accordingly. Diabetes can be diagnosed at any age and it develops when the pancreas is not able to produce enough insulin or when the body cells are unable to react to the insulin being produced. There are three types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is when the pancreas is not able to produce insulin. This, happens when the cells which produce insulin in ones body are destroyed. It is most common in children and adolescents though, could develop in adults. In type 1 diabetes the patient needs to inject insulin on daily basis. Type 2 diabetes is when the pancreas is producing insulin but it is not enough for the needs of ones body. It could also be that the insulin being produced is not being used correctly by the body. These patients are not dependant on insulin though, they still might be needing insulin if it is not well controlled or if the body does not respond to oral treatment. Gestational diabetes is when women have high blood glucose during pregnancy, even if they never had diabetes before. However, this could lead to type 2 diabetes after pregnancy. The impact of Diabetes Mellitus in patient and carers The persons impact when diagnosed with diabetes varies on different aspects including, psychologically, socially, economically, emotionally, and spiritually. There is a sense of shock, since the day before he/she was feeling all well and after blood tests he/she was told to have diabetes. Such patients dont want to believe what they are hearing and end up in denial, were one keeps on saying that he/she is feeling well. These patients dont come into terms that the condition is so serious. Anger is another element that they could develop, which sometimes these patients dont even realize due to the amount of frustration, and one keeps on saying this is not fair and why me?. A person with diabetes might even feel guilty, thinking that he/she had brought the condition, by eating a lot of chocolate since he/she was a child. Moreover, they could also blame Jesus for such a disease, especially if they suffer from other chronic diseases. As well known, living with diabetes could be very difficult to cope with thus, causing an enormous impact on the persons quality of life. Socially, their life changes as they will feel a loss of freedom to eat, since the person needs to change his/her diet, even though they have the best diet, which is even good for healthy persons, in order to live a healthy life. They dont accept the fact that they have to limit the amount of food intake so that there wont be any consequences. This is more difficult for the elderly to absorb, especially when it comes to bread. They wont accept the fact that they could only eat one slice of bread, if it is not brown. Moreover, most of our elderly people work on their fields, and yet again it is hard for them to limit the amount of fruit and cut down certain fruits. Furthermore, the elderly might end up depending even more on their family, since they might be suffering from other chronic conditions therefore; they might need transport to attend hospi tal appointments, as well as might have certain limitations in doing certain tasks, like having a bath, eating or getting dressed. Due to this, their carers might be frustrated and difficult to cope with them. Luckily enough, the health system in our country is free of charge so these patients wont go through a lot of economic problems, since their treatment and hospital appointments are offered free of charge. However, they might still be suffering economically, as they start missing a day from work due to hospital follow-ups, admissions to hospital or not feeling fit to go to work. Men do tend to suffer from high level of stress when diagnosed; this is due to the fact that they think that, as the disease progresses they have to stop working and will be worried who will be taking care of his family. They dont understand that by controlling their daily lifestyle, one could live a normal life. It has been shown that diabetes implements psychological burden both on the patient and family. This is well argued by Egede, Zheng Simpson, (2002) were they clearly stated that, considering the fact that psychological functioning would be poor, it might easily contribute suffering which might prevent the patient from successful self-management of their diabetes and this could be amalgamated with costs and poor medical outcomes. Therefore, health professionals need to keep an eye on the patients psychological well-being, as by treating and talking certain issues could easily improve their overall clinical outcomes. Moreover, diabetic patients who are less likely to control their glucose level are more prone to psychiatric illnesses, including depression, eating disorders and sometimes even suicidal thoughts. This is mostly due to the significant changes one needs to do in their lifestyle, together with prolonged poor management of treatment. Furthermore, the use of internet has become quite common among the patients therefore, having a good knowledge about possible long term complications, though it is good to know, could terrify the patient. At times, even minor injuries could implement a sense of discouragement and angriness as one would know that their body would take long to heal while, being more prone for infections. However, the sense of angriness could also be a call for help, were one is revealing his/her own fears of long term problems, deep emotions and even a sense of guilt about not being enough manageable with treatment and/or diet. Once again, health professionals need to be aware of such attitudes, as by listening, explaining and asking about the patients worries might relieve certain concerns regarding any underlying fears. Another psychological problem that is not usually brought up easily by the patient thus, need to be carefully tackled is, sexual dysfunction. A study conducted by De Berardis et al. ( 2002) resulted that, 45.6% of patients with frequent erectile dysfunction reported severe depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, sexual function is to be acknowledged as an essential part when one is dealing with a diabetic patients health. Patients suffering from type 2 diabetes can be initiated on insulin therapy, mostly due to uncontrolled glucose level. Again, emotionally they feel devastating, thinking that their condition is going to get worst, and further complications that they hear from other persons like going blind, amputation of limb, kidney failure, etc. going to develop soon. Nonetheless, Taylor et al. (2002) found out that at certain times, the health professionals were afraid to introduce insulin therapy to the elderly even though, the elderly were found to cope really well with glucose testing and self-administration of insulin. Insulin does tend to stabilise their blood glucose levels within few days thus, helps in allowing them to feel better and improving their cognitive function. On the other hand, to a certain point it is a whole different world when either children or adolescents are diagnosed with diabetes. In young children it is the parents who take control of the disease, and yet again their life changes since they need to adapt their lifestyle with that of their child. Parents might go into emotional problems, when they know that they have to explain their young child about the disease. Moreover, realising that their child will be on insulin and having their blood glucose level monitored on daily basis can be quite overwhelming for the parents. Therefore, parents could experience bereavement which is associated with reactions of grief (Lowes et al., 2004,2005). However, the parents without knowing might end up getting hold of their childs life a bit too much because of the possible complications that might arise. Another psychological problem that influences the parents is insulin, as it could be hard on them to inject it on their own child. Of course no parent wants to hurt their child apart from being difficult to explain to their child, that it is for their own good. Even though as times goes by it becomes part of their normal life. Furthermore, parents might find it difficult to control their childs dietary intake, since it is not easy to find a balance between their carbohydrate intake, insulin, and exercise which easily cause changes in the blood glucose level. Since hypoglycaemia can happen easily in children, sometimes with no particular reason, parents might find it difficult to allow a level of independence to their child. Therefore, this could result in emotional changes in the child such as, fear, angriness, sadness, and anxiety. Parents of children suffering from diabetes might go into economic problems, since a child depends on their parents. Therefore, a parent needs to miss a day from work to attend a hospital appointment or even one of the parents might need to reduce the working hours so as to have more time with their child. It was shown from studies that, when the parents are an essential part in the childs management of diabetes care, there is better adherence to treatment thus, reducing the possibility of hospitalization (Hanson et al., 1987; La Greca et al., 1995; Wysochi et al., 1995). Nevertheless, the impact of diabetes in children starts when they start attending school, as other children could bully or tease them by offering them food which they arent allowed to eat. Therefore, this could lead to a loss of confidence in social interaction, and they might feel that they are not accepted in society due to their condition thus, resulting in feelings of angriness, frustration, and distress. This i s well backed up by Kovacs et al. (1985) were they stated that, due to mood changes, sense of guilt, feeling sad about what their future will be like, missing school and even insulin shots, are common problems encountered within the young children. Moreover, when they reach their teens, they might ignore everything so as to appear normal in front of their peers, this is to try and achieve a state of normality. For this reason, it could lead to uncontrolled diet and even missing insulin shots so that their friends wont judge or bully them. At times, they even dont to go out with their friends as they might be afraid of having an episode of hypoglycaemia. On the other side, adolescents would be feeling distressed when their parents are over protective towards them, and wont let them go anywhere without them. However, this could also lead to some sort of depression, as they start thinking that they could never live a normal life like their friends. Unfortunately, evidence has shown that at certain times in adolescents, suicidal thoughts were noted thus, hindering the adolescent quality of life and self-management (Debono Cachia, 2007). Thus, health professionals do need to provide adequate education and support to the parents sin ce the day of diagnosis, as well as when the child grows up, so as to assure them that their child could still live a normal life and clear up any psychological problems. As Schur et al. (1999) stated, parents who are knowledgeable and capable of understanding what diabetes is all about to their child are more competent to provide their child with the appropriate care. However, understanding the child and having an element of knowledge are not the only answers in providing better care to their child, as parents do need also to know the ways how to support their child (Kyngas Hentinen, 1995). Therefore, parents need to trust their child and of being capable to take care of themselves, since this will allow self-motivation and wont feel different from the rest of the family and friends. Thus, decreasing the level of psychological problems these children and adolescents go through. Empowering the patients and carers Patient empowerment is a means of helping patients to be able to make his/her own decisions together with, being active in their own self-care. However, meaning also, that the patient is getting well educated in how to manage and implement new tasks in his/her daily living, managing the effected roles in their life, as well as controlling the emotional impact of the illness. There are various ways how health professionals could help patients to cope with diabetes. The common sense model of self-regulation plays a good role in aiding patients to reduce obstacles and achieving identified goals. The common sense model, guides the chronic ill patients to come into terms with their disease, understand better what its complications could be thus, they will be capable to evaluate the effects of acting on this understanding (Leventhal, Meyer, Nerenz, 1980). Leventhal, Nerenz, Steele, (1984) described five components of illness representations in order to help patients make sense of their symptoms and monitoring any coping actions. These include identity, cause, time-line, consequences, and controllability. Identity is the name that patients and other people give to the condition, together with all the symptoms that go with it. Unfortunately, people do tend to label these patients, even though sometimes it is with no heart feelings, but for the patient being diagnosed might mean a lot. Therefore, through the health professionals knowledge and experience, it is their role to aid patients in identifying behaviours, personal goals and motivating them to acquire self-determined goals. However, it is quite vital to help diabetes patients to come into terms from the beginning that they are the only ones who can manage efficiently their disease. Cause is another disease representation. This representation might be established from further information gathered through the patients own experience from family members suffering from diabetes, and could also be gathered from other lay persons, media, and health professionals, reflecting certain issues of unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, stress, and other pathogens. As mentioned above, patients do feel guilty, thinking they brought the disease on themselves by not eating healthy. Holman Lorig, (2000) noted that when health professionals engage the patients as their partners in their on-going care, without any doubts they do intend to commit themselves better in managing their chronic disease. However, patient education is quite vital as it aids them to understand better their disease, improving their knowledge, and increasing skills and knowledge thus, allowing the patients to take over on their condition. Cause could easily prolong depression that is why it is essential to empo wer these patients to take into account physiological and personal psychosocial factors. At the end, helping patients to discover and develop the fundamental capacity in order to be responsible for their own life is the health professionals aim. This is patient empowerment (Funnell Anderson, 2004). As health professionals, one does need to educate the patient regarding the benefits of a well-balanced diet and performing regular exercise. Evidence have shown that, eating a healthy diet and undergoing regular exercise benefits in decreasing the risks of further complications associated with diabetes (Clark, 2004). After undergoing blood tests and other tests, to evaluate if the patient is diabetic, the first target in controlling the blood glucose level is diet, exercise, and self-monitoring of blood sugar level. Again it is the health professionals role to enhance motivation and providing them with diet counselling and leaflets. Furthermore, within the primary setting, weight reducing sessions are provided thus, empowering the patient to take control over his/her dietary habits. Time-line is the prognostic belief regarding for how long the disease might last. Patients diagnosed with diabetes at times they dont come into terms that they need to be on medications, diet and/or insulin for life. Therefore, when hemoglucose test or blood test results within normal ranges, patient might stop his/her medications without consulting. Both nurses and medical practitioners need to leave behind the approach of trying to get patients to adhere and comply better with their condition. The health care provider is usually seen as the person who is the expert on the disease, and knows what the best is for the patient, while providing an advising system to treat patients. Therefore, this kind of approach might cause resistance and could easily neglect what is the most vital to patients. However, due to this, patients might be in denial and dont be able to move on thus, not being able to control their glucose levels. On the other hand, Funnell Weiss (2008) argued that, as time goes by, it is the patients him/herself who suffers from diabetes that will eventually become an expert about his/her own diabetes, how it does effect him/her physically, practically and emotionally. Additionally, to establish an effective behavioural intervention, health professionals need to first evaluate what are the basic problems for poor diabetes control; these also include psychological and social problems together with lack of knowledge. Nevertheless, an interpersonal relationship needs to be formulated, so both the patient and health professional could listen to each others opinions, while setting up a sense of trust in each other therefore, when the patient is ready to listen and learn more about the condition, one could provide directives (Delamater, 2006). Consequences, is another disease representation within the common sense model. The patient will be in a terrifying state because of the consequences that could develop due to uncontrolled diabetes. However, the health care provider needs to reassure, that he/she could still live a normal live even though there is the need to change their daily life style. An active listening strategy could be used, were the nurse will help the patients to set up a plan that accords their lives, rather than requiring patients to adjust their lives to become suitable for their diabetes. Moreover, to prevent any consequences it is of vital importance to empower patients to recognize their sources of practical and emotional support. Family members are usually the primary support team for these patients. Thus, others could inquire support from friends, health care providers, and other people suffering from diabetes. Nevertheless, the most important is that they have someone with whom to share their concer ns. Luckily enough, around Malta one might find various diabetes support groups, were one could seek for help and support. Hearing and speaking to someone who suffers from same condition, allows them to understand better their condition and could easily pick up certain tips how to deal with any kind of symptom, rather than providing them with informative leaflets. Since when giving them leaflets, most of the time they do read them out but eventually they tend to leave them there and forget about them. Support groups are also established for the patients family and carers as without any doubts, their carers life changes too in order to support them with their condition. At the end, both the support and health care teams need to evaluate what the patient wants and demands from them, so as to abate any misunderstanding and frustration. In return nurses and the support team leaders have to assist the patients in figuring out what they could faithfully offer. Controllability is the belief regarding whether the disease could be kept under control together with the degree to which the patient plays an important role in acquiring it. Here the health care providers need to help patients and their carers to develop a health care plan. Both the patient and health professional need to work hand in hand and sometimes patients do accept the practitioners recommendations regarding certain treatment but then prefers to make their own physical and meal plan. However, nurses do need to aid patients to acknowledge how much flexibility they need in their life. Since certain patients are capable to follow a strict meal plan while others prefer to change their daily lifestyle to accord with their commitments. Moreover, certain patients prefer to have their blood glucose level checked daily to plan their activity and dietary intake. Furthermore, establishing targets could also aid in controlling their diabetes, for example, controlling their weight, blood pressure, and their HbA1c level. Thus, when having positive results, patients tend to be more motivated. However a self-management plan includes exercise, meal plan, medications, insulin, blood sugar monitoring, stress management, problem solving, and emotional support. This plan needs to compromise the patients and carers ability to involve these strategies in their daily routine. Teaching both the patient and family how to check their own blood glucose level and how to self-inject their insulin provides an element of independency thus, reducing stress levels of having to take time off from work to attend the clinic. Empowering the children and their family might be complex and energetic. Health professionals need to be quite skilled, having good communication relationship, a sense of humour, compassion and possesses a good knowledge in paediatric diabetes. Psychological interventions are vital for the child and adolescent suffering from diabetes especially if their parents are involved. Through research it has been noticed that, when having their parents part of their behavioural procedures, like self-monitoring, planning a goal, good communication and support, being positive towards them, and sharing responsibility in their diabetes management has improved their adherence in medications, diet, and glucose levels (Debono Cachia, 2007). Moreover, being part of a support group where the participants are all youths, might help them to feel better within themselves and come into terms that they are not the only ones suffering from diabetes. Thus, making friends with each other could help them to ma ture and help each other in difficult moments. Daisy that is part of the Maltese diabetes association, does provides support groups for the parents and mostly support groups for the children and youths, live-inns, summer camps, and various activities to help them understand more about their condition and how to live with it. Mostly, they help them to be in control of their diabetes and not the other way round. Like adults, both children and youths need to have a healthy diet plan since as well known it is the first step in controlling blood glucose levels. However, youths need to be educated to be strong and not neglect their diet so as to look cool in front of their friends, and afterwards end up injecting extra units of insulin from their normal dose. Here family does play a fundamental role, since if the family is obese and might be suffering also from diabetes and have poor control, without any doubts they are being a column of unhealthy behaviours. Nevertheless, when the parents are implementing healthy behaviours, they are sharing positive influence towards their diabetic child. Moreover, the health care provider still needs to help the parents of young children and youths to sort out a self-management plan. Young children needs to be thought the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia and when they feel the symptoms to eat some carbohydrates, since eating sweets it will only increase their blood glucose level temporarily. However, youths do need to explain to their friends regarding their disease in order to be able to help them if an episode of hypoglycaemia occurs. Conclusion Many different interventions has been established throughout the years in order to empower patients who suffer from diabetes, these include complex educational programmes, which are an important role in empowering these patients to achieve in managing their diabetes. Through evidence, it have been shown that both the patients and their carers are acquiring good approaches and contacts to services required to empower them in managing their lifestyle and health (Begum Por, 2010). However, Begum Por (2010) argued that certain patients with diabetes are still unconcerned that support groups or educational programmes are available thus, meaning that these interventions are not well publicized. Therefore, health professionals do have an important role in instructing the patients and their carers about these services. Moreover, in order to be able to assess the common sense model, there is the need of describing how to implement these interventions and protocols need to be established and published. This will help both the health professionals and lay persons to get a better understanding how these interventions are implemented and through this one could build-up a body of practical and theoretical knowledge. Health psychologists do have a fundamental role in helping the patients and their carers to implement the common sense model into their daily living. Furthermore, health professionals need to come into terms that it is essential to involve the parents when caring for children with diabetes, so as to help them managing and controlling their condition. One needs to keep in mind that young children are not capable of caring for their diabetes on the other hand; youths cannot be counted on being able to implement all of their diabetes management care on their own. Therefore, educational programmes need to be provided to the childs whole family. To conclude, it is essential that health care providers teach these patients that they are the leaders for their diabetes, how to control and that self-management care is not an easy task if they are not motivated. However, by aiding them and keep following them on regular basis on could help these patients and their carers to successfully live a healthy lifestyle while becoming their own doctors in self-managing their condition.

Alcohol consumption in UK

Alcohol consumption in UK Case Study 5- The case of a young binge drinker Introduction Alcohol consumption in the UK has increased rapidly in recent years, not just among young people but across society. In this report we will focus on: Consumer behaviour theories explaining Melanies binge drinking. Recollect reference groups who influence Melanies attitudes. Discuss Government strategies and campaigns such as the Portman Group. The alcohol industry provides employment to over a million people, so the government is reluctant to ban the product. However, the case study recognises there is a huge implication with high alcohol consumption resulting in dysfunctional behaviour ranging from psychological and social harm to damaged lives and deaths. An increase in alcohol consumption has been driven by vast promotional and marketing campaigns with the UK alcohol industry spending  £800m annually. Studies have shown that half of the University students in the UK regularly binge drink. Consumer Behaviour Theories Alcohol Abuse: A World Wide Perspective: High alcohol consumption is prominent in the UK, Ireland, Denmark, Russia and a few other European countries. Whereas, North African nations have the least consumption. Alcohol consumption has become more acceptable in Western societies, while its outlawed in places like Arabia. Alcohol has different meanings in different societies. E.g. Islam prohibits the consumption of alcohol alternatively, wine is savoured by Christians and no celebration can be complete without popping open a bottle of champagne in the West. Some examples of excessive binge drinking in the UK involve Stacey Rhymes, a 24 year old who died after drinking herself to death on cut price bottles of wine. Philip Laing, a student from Sheffield Hallam University, who is sentenced to community service after urinating on a war memorial, on a Carnage bar crawl. Portman Group and Drinkaware The Portman Group is supported by the UKs leading drink producers and is concerned solely with the social responsibility issues surrounding alcohol. Their role is to encourage and challenge drink producers to promote their products responsibly. Drinkaware was established to improve the public awareness and understanding of responsible drinking and to change the nations drinking behaviour for the better. They do this through innovative campaigns online, in print and communities worldwide. Conclusion Behavioural theories suggest that Melanies consistent binge drinking is due to the positive attitudes that she possesses in addition to seeking the positive effects that it has upon her. Melanies reference groups havent persuaded her to drink responsibly and she still believes her reason about being a student once, justifies everything. We believe that the Portman Group and Drinkaware.co.uk plus the various government strategies are effective in influencing the drinking habits of our own peer group. The advertisements reach consumers on an emotional level allowing them to empathise with the situations that the vast majority of us have been present in. Furthermore, drinks producers have begun to promote their drinks more responsibly. Though we believe these campaigns are effective there are challenges faced by marketers. For example consumers vary in their commitment in attitudes towards alcohol. Those attitudes that have become internalized and part of the persons value system are difficult to change due to the fact that they are important to the individual, for example Melanie has a usual routine of going out with her friends and being an accepted member of the group.